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CARABINER14 tahun yang lalu
Minggu, 11 Oktober 2009
Indonesian's Tiger
06.19 | 
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Sumatran Tiger
The Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) is a subspecies of tiger found on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Recent genetic testing has revealed the presence of unique genetic markers, which isolate Sumatran tigers from all mainland subspecies. Currently, there are only 100-400 Sumatran tigers left in the wild.
Characteristics
The Sumatran Tiger is the smallest of all surviving tiger subspecies. Male Sumatran tigers average 204 cm (6 feet, 8 inches) in length from head to tail and weigh about 136 kg (300 lb). Females average 198 cm (6 feet, 6 inches) in length and weigh about 91 kg (200 lb). Its stripes are narrower than other subspecies of tigers' stripes, and it has a more bearded and maned appearance, especially the males. Its small size makes it easier to move through dense rain forests. It has webbing between its toes that, when spread, makes Sumatran tigers very fast swimmers. It has been known to drive hoofed prey into the water, especially if the prey animal is a slow swimmer.
Sumatran Tigers commonly prey on larger ungulates, like Wild Boar, Malayan Tapir and deer, and sometimes also smaller animals, like fowl, monkeys, and fish. Orangutans could be prey, but since they spend a minimal amount of time on the ground, tigers rarely catch one.
Genetics and evolution
Analysis of DNA is consistent with the hypothesis that the Sumatran Tigers have been isolated after a rise in sea level at the Pleistocene to Holocene border (about 12,000-6,000 years ago) from other tiger populations. In agreement with this evolutionary history, the Sumatran Tiger is genetically isolated from all living mainland tigers, which form a distinct group, closely related among each other.
Habitat
Sumatran Tiger in the Melbourne Zoo
The Sumatran tiger is only found naturally in Sumatra, a large island in western Indonesia. It lives anywhere from lowland forests to mountain forest and inhabits many unprotected areas. Only about 400 live in game reserves and national parks, The largest population of about 110 tigers lives in Gunung Leuser National Park. Another 100 live in unprotected areas that will soon be lost and the rest are spread out in areas that are quickly being lost to agriculture. The reserves are not safe because, despite conservation efforts, many tigers are killed by poachers each year. The Sumatran Tiger is found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra in habitat that ranges from lowland forest to sub mountain and mountain forest including some peat swamp forests. According to the Tiger Information Centre and the World Wildlife Fund there are no more than 500 of these tigers left in the wild with some estimates considerably lower.
The continuing loss of habitat is intensifying the crises to save this tiger.
Conservation
In 2007, the Indonesian Forestry Ministry and Safari Park established cooperation with the Australia Zoo for the conservation of Sumatran Tigers and other endangered species. The cooperation agreement was marked by the signing of a Letter of Intent on 'Sumatran Tiger and other Endangered Species Conservation Program and the Establishment of a Sister Zoo Relationship between Taman Safari and Australia Zoo' at the Indonesian Forestry Ministry office on July 31, 2007. The program includes conserving Sumatran Tigers and other endangered species in the wild, efforts to reduce conflicts between tigers and humans and rehabilitating Sumatran Tigers and reintroducing them to their natural habitat.
The Biblical Zoo in Jerusalem, Israel is part of an international matchmaking program designed to mate Sumatran tigers and save them from extinction.
In August of 2009, thieves broke into the Taman Rimba Zoo on Sumatra and poached a
female Sumatran Tiger.
Bali Tiger
The Bali Tiger (Panthera tigris balica), harimau Bali in Indonesian, or referred to as samong in archaic Balinese language, is an extinct subspecies of tiger which was found solely on the small Indonesian island of Bali. This was one of three sub-species of tiger found in Indonesia along with the Javan tiger (also possibly extinct) and Sumatran tiger (critically endangered).
It was the smallest of the tiger sub-species; the sub-species was declared extinct on September 27, 1937 after a tigress was shot at Sumbar Kima, west Bali. Given the small size of the island, and limited forest cover, the original population could never have been large, and it is considered unlikely that any survive today.
The sub-species became extinct because of habitat loss and hunting.
Characteristics
Size
The Bali Tiger was the smallest of all eight tiger subspecies, rather comparable with the African leopard or North American cougar (otherwise known as the mountain lion) in size. The weight of a male tiger was usually 90-100 kg (198-221 pounds); that of a female was 65-80 kg (142-175 pounds). The male was 220 cm (7.2 feet or 86.6 inches) in length (together with tail), the female 195-200 cm.
Appearance
Bali Tigers had short fur that was deep orange colored and darker, fewer stripes than other tiger sub-species. Occasionally, between the stripes, there were small black spots. Bali tigers also had unusual bar-shaped patterns on the head.
Diet
Like all tigers, Bali tigers were carnivorous. They preyed upon most mammals that lived within their habitat. Their major sources of food were wild boars, rusa deer, kijang, red junglefowls, monitor lizards, monkeys and possibly wild banteng (now also extirpated on the island). The only known predators of Bali tigers were humans.
Reproduction
Female Bali Tigers, after mating, had a gestation period of 103 days on average. They begat two or three cubs per litter, and the cubs weighed two or three pounds at birth. They were born blind. Cubs were weaned at around one year of age, and were fully independent at 18 months to two years of age. Bali Tigers lived up to approximately 8-10 years of age.
Relationship to the Javanese tiger
There are two common theories regarding the divergence of Balinese and Javan tigers. The first idea suggests that the two subspecies developed when Bali became isolated from Java by formation of the Bali Strait by rising sea levels after the ice age. This split the tigers into two groups which then went on to develop independently.
The second possibility is that the tiger swam from one island to colonize the other. The Bali Strait is only 2.4 kilometers wide, making it well within the swimming ability of the average tiger. Whichever it was, the two went on to become quite different.
Documentation, hunting and tiger culture in Bali
The hunting party of Baron Oskar Vojnich with a Balinese tiger, shot at Gunung Gondol, NW Bali, Nov. 1911
In Balinese culture, the tiger had a special place in folk tales and traditional arts, like in the Kamasan paintings of Klungkung kingdom. However, they were perceived as a destructive force and culling efforts were encouraged all the way to the time of extinction.
Very few reliable accounts of encounters and even fewer visual documentations remain. One of the most complete records was left by the Hungarian baron Oszkár Vojnich, who trapped, hunted and took photos of a Balinese tiger. On November 3, 1911 he shot dead an adult specimen in the northwest region, between Gunung Gondol and Banyupoh River, documenting it in his book "In The East Indian Archipelago" (Budapest 1913).
According to the same book, the preferred method of hunting tigers in the island was catching them with a concealed, large and heavy steel foot trap over bait (goat or muntjak) and then dispatching it with a firearm at close quarters.
As in this example, a final blow to the ever low numbers of island's tiger population was during the Dutch colonial period, when shikari hunting trips were conducted by European sportsmen coming from Java, armed with high powered rifles and a romantic but disastrous Victorian hunting mentality. Surabayan gunmaker E. Munaut is confirmed with killing over twenty tigers in Bali, over span of a few years.
A Balinese tiger shot in 1925, hunting party unknown, likely European hunters with Javanese trackers
The last confirmed tiger was an adult female, killed on Sep. 27, 1937 at Sumbar Kima, western Bali; since then, claims of sighting have been made, but without proof, mostly by forestry officers, in 1952, 1970 and 1972. The last remaining tigers were pushed into the western side of the island, mostly into area that is now Bali Barat National Park, established in 1947.
The Balinese tiger was never captured alive on film, on motion picture or displayed in a public zoo, but a few skulls, skins and bones are preserved in museums. The British Museum in London has the largest collection with two skins and three skulls; others include Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, Naturkunde Museum in Stuttgart, Naturalis museum in Leiden and Zoological Museum of Bogor, Indonesia, which owns the remnants of the last known Balinese tiger. In 1997 a skull emerged from the old collection of Hungarian Natural History Museum and was scientifically studied and properly documented.
Unlike stag hunting, which they mastered, very few if any Balinese launched into stalking tigers, which aside from posing danger, was shone upon by malefic superstitions. Still, tigers had a well defined position in folkloric beliefs and magic. For example, the Balinese considered ground powdered tiger whiskers to be a potent and undetectable poison for one's foe. According to the same book mentioning this, Miguel Covarrubias's "Island Of The Gods", 1937, when a Balinese baby was born he was given a protective amulet necklace with black coral and "a tiger's tooth or a piece of tiger bone".
Many Balinese people are fond of wearing tiger parts jewelry, like in other Asian nations, for status or spiritual reasons like power and protection. Necklaces of teeth and claws or male rings cabochoned with polished tiger tooth ivory still exist in everyday use. As the tiger population disappeared on both Bali and neighboring Java, old parts have been recycled, or leopard and sun bear body parts have been used instead. One of the traditional Balinese dances, the Barong, still preserves in one of its four forms a type called the Tiger Barong (Barong Macan).
source: www.wikipedia.com
The Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) is a subspecies of tiger found on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Recent genetic testing has revealed the presence of unique genetic markers, which isolate Sumatran tigers from all mainland subspecies. Currently, there are only 100-400 Sumatran tigers left in the wild.
Characteristics
The Sumatran Tiger is the smallest of all surviving tiger subspecies. Male Sumatran tigers average 204 cm (6 feet, 8 inches) in length from head to tail and weigh about 136 kg (300 lb). Females average 198 cm (6 feet, 6 inches) in length and weigh about 91 kg (200 lb). Its stripes are narrower than other subspecies of tigers' stripes, and it has a more bearded and maned appearance, especially the males. Its small size makes it easier to move through dense rain forests. It has webbing between its toes that, when spread, makes Sumatran tigers very fast swimmers. It has been known to drive hoofed prey into the water, especially if the prey animal is a slow swimmer.
Sumatran Tigers commonly prey on larger ungulates, like Wild Boar, Malayan Tapir and deer, and sometimes also smaller animals, like fowl, monkeys, and fish. Orangutans could be prey, but since they spend a minimal amount of time on the ground, tigers rarely catch one.
Genetics and evolution
Analysis of DNA is consistent with the hypothesis that the Sumatran Tigers have been isolated after a rise in sea level at the Pleistocene to Holocene border (about 12,000-6,000 years ago) from other tiger populations. In agreement with this evolutionary history, the Sumatran Tiger is genetically isolated from all living mainland tigers, which form a distinct group, closely related among each other.
Habitat
Sumatran Tiger in the Melbourne Zoo
The Sumatran tiger is only found naturally in Sumatra, a large island in western Indonesia. It lives anywhere from lowland forests to mountain forest and inhabits many unprotected areas. Only about 400 live in game reserves and national parks, The largest population of about 110 tigers lives in Gunung Leuser National Park. Another 100 live in unprotected areas that will soon be lost and the rest are spread out in areas that are quickly being lost to agriculture. The reserves are not safe because, despite conservation efforts, many tigers are killed by poachers each year. The Sumatran Tiger is found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra in habitat that ranges from lowland forest to sub mountain and mountain forest including some peat swamp forests. According to the Tiger Information Centre and the World Wildlife Fund there are no more than 500 of these tigers left in the wild with some estimates considerably lower.
The continuing loss of habitat is intensifying the crises to save this tiger.
Conservation
In 2007, the Indonesian Forestry Ministry and Safari Park established cooperation with the Australia Zoo for the conservation of Sumatran Tigers and other endangered species. The cooperation agreement was marked by the signing of a Letter of Intent on 'Sumatran Tiger and other Endangered Species Conservation Program and the Establishment of a Sister Zoo Relationship between Taman Safari and Australia Zoo' at the Indonesian Forestry Ministry office on July 31, 2007. The program includes conserving Sumatran Tigers and other endangered species in the wild, efforts to reduce conflicts between tigers and humans and rehabilitating Sumatran Tigers and reintroducing them to their natural habitat.
The Biblical Zoo in Jerusalem, Israel is part of an international matchmaking program designed to mate Sumatran tigers and save them from extinction.
In August of 2009, thieves broke into the Taman Rimba Zoo on Sumatra and poached a
female Sumatran Tiger.
Bali Tiger
The Bali Tiger (Panthera tigris balica), harimau Bali in Indonesian, or referred to as samong in archaic Balinese language, is an extinct subspecies of tiger which was found solely on the small Indonesian island of Bali. This was one of three sub-species of tiger found in Indonesia along with the Javan tiger (also possibly extinct) and Sumatran tiger (critically endangered).
It was the smallest of the tiger sub-species; the sub-species was declared extinct on September 27, 1937 after a tigress was shot at Sumbar Kima, west Bali. Given the small size of the island, and limited forest cover, the original population could never have been large, and it is considered unlikely that any survive today.
The sub-species became extinct because of habitat loss and hunting.
Characteristics
Size
The Bali Tiger was the smallest of all eight tiger subspecies, rather comparable with the African leopard or North American cougar (otherwise known as the mountain lion) in size. The weight of a male tiger was usually 90-100 kg (198-221 pounds); that of a female was 65-80 kg (142-175 pounds). The male was 220 cm (7.2 feet or 86.6 inches) in length (together with tail), the female 195-200 cm.
Appearance
Bali Tigers had short fur that was deep orange colored and darker, fewer stripes than other tiger sub-species. Occasionally, between the stripes, there were small black spots. Bali tigers also had unusual bar-shaped patterns on the head.
Diet
Like all tigers, Bali tigers were carnivorous. They preyed upon most mammals that lived within their habitat. Their major sources of food were wild boars, rusa deer, kijang, red junglefowls, monitor lizards, monkeys and possibly wild banteng (now also extirpated on the island). The only known predators of Bali tigers were humans.
Reproduction
Female Bali Tigers, after mating, had a gestation period of 103 days on average. They begat two or three cubs per litter, and the cubs weighed two or three pounds at birth. They were born blind. Cubs were weaned at around one year of age, and were fully independent at 18 months to two years of age. Bali Tigers lived up to approximately 8-10 years of age.
Relationship to the Javanese tiger
There are two common theories regarding the divergence of Balinese and Javan tigers. The first idea suggests that the two subspecies developed when Bali became isolated from Java by formation of the Bali Strait by rising sea levels after the ice age. This split the tigers into two groups which then went on to develop independently.
The second possibility is that the tiger swam from one island to colonize the other. The Bali Strait is only 2.4 kilometers wide, making it well within the swimming ability of the average tiger. Whichever it was, the two went on to become quite different.
Documentation, hunting and tiger culture in Bali
The hunting party of Baron Oskar Vojnich with a Balinese tiger, shot at Gunung Gondol, NW Bali, Nov. 1911
In Balinese culture, the tiger had a special place in folk tales and traditional arts, like in the Kamasan paintings of Klungkung kingdom. However, they were perceived as a destructive force and culling efforts were encouraged all the way to the time of extinction.
Very few reliable accounts of encounters and even fewer visual documentations remain. One of the most complete records was left by the Hungarian baron Oszkár Vojnich, who trapped, hunted and took photos of a Balinese tiger. On November 3, 1911 he shot dead an adult specimen in the northwest region, between Gunung Gondol and Banyupoh River, documenting it in his book "In The East Indian Archipelago" (Budapest 1913).
According to the same book, the preferred method of hunting tigers in the island was catching them with a concealed, large and heavy steel foot trap over bait (goat or muntjak) and then dispatching it with a firearm at close quarters.
As in this example, a final blow to the ever low numbers of island's tiger population was during the Dutch colonial period, when shikari hunting trips were conducted by European sportsmen coming from Java, armed with high powered rifles and a romantic but disastrous Victorian hunting mentality. Surabayan gunmaker E. Munaut is confirmed with killing over twenty tigers in Bali, over span of a few years.
A Balinese tiger shot in 1925, hunting party unknown, likely European hunters with Javanese trackers
The last confirmed tiger was an adult female, killed on Sep. 27, 1937 at Sumbar Kima, western Bali; since then, claims of sighting have been made, but without proof, mostly by forestry officers, in 1952, 1970 and 1972. The last remaining tigers were pushed into the western side of the island, mostly into area that is now Bali Barat National Park, established in 1947.
The Balinese tiger was never captured alive on film, on motion picture or displayed in a public zoo, but a few skulls, skins and bones are preserved in museums. The British Museum in London has the largest collection with two skins and three skulls; others include Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt, Naturkunde Museum in Stuttgart, Naturalis museum in Leiden and Zoological Museum of Bogor, Indonesia, which owns the remnants of the last known Balinese tiger. In 1997 a skull emerged from the old collection of Hungarian Natural History Museum and was scientifically studied and properly documented.
Unlike stag hunting, which they mastered, very few if any Balinese launched into stalking tigers, which aside from posing danger, was shone upon by malefic superstitions. Still, tigers had a well defined position in folkloric beliefs and magic. For example, the Balinese considered ground powdered tiger whiskers to be a potent and undetectable poison for one's foe. According to the same book mentioning this, Miguel Covarrubias's "Island Of The Gods", 1937, when a Balinese baby was born he was given a protective amulet necklace with black coral and "a tiger's tooth or a piece of tiger bone".
Many Balinese people are fond of wearing tiger parts jewelry, like in other Asian nations, for status or spiritual reasons like power and protection. Necklaces of teeth and claws or male rings cabochoned with polished tiger tooth ivory still exist in everyday use. As the tiger population disappeared on both Bali and neighboring Java, old parts have been recycled, or leopard and sun bear body parts have been used instead. One of the traditional Balinese dances, the Barong, still preserves in one of its four forms a type called the Tiger Barong (Barong Macan).
source: www.wikipedia.com
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